The article discusses the interaction of chlorine with water. What substances are formed and how they depend on the pH value of the water. Chlorine is a diatomic gas Cl2 under normal conditions. When chlorine interacts with water, a reaction of formation of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid occurs. Cl2 + H2O = HClO + HCl   […]

Ivan Tikhonov The article provides author’s reasoning about the organization of the chemistry of a touchfree car wash. First, you need to understand what water quality is really required for the technical needs of a car wash. What impurities in the water can be the cause of poor-quality car washing and how does the chemical […]

Ivan Tikhonov This article discusses what changes occur in the make-up water when it enters the boiler circuits of heat supply systems. Heat supply systems can be with a single- and double-circuit. In the first case, mains water circulates in the heat supply system directly through the hot water boiler. In the second case, mains […]

Ivan Tikhonov In the article, as simply as possible (as it seems to the author), the basics of the water-chemical mode of low-pressure fire-tube steam boilers are presented. The water-chemical mode (WCM) of a steam boiler is an operating complex of technological solutions aimed at ensuring trouble-free and efficient operation of a steam boiler. In […]

Ivan Tikhonov Guidelines for maintaining the water-chemical mode of steam boilers prescribe continuous blowdown of boilers based on dry residue or salt content. For example, RTM 108.030.114-77 (Stationary steam boilers of low and medium pressure. Organization of a water-chemical mode) gives the following formula for calculating the percentage of continuous blowdown based on the boiler […]

Ivan Tikhonov Cooling tower, reverse osmosis, water acidification This article is devoted to the problem of removing bicarbonate from natural water. Bicarbonate can be removed from water by converting it to carbon dioxide. In this case, part of the carbon dioxide dissociates in the water and reduces the pH value of the water. When the […]

If you have a water softener at home or you have to work with Na-softener, and it is not possible to make a chemical analysis for hardness, then there is an easy way to find out whether the softener installation functions properly. To do this, it is necessary to measure the electrical conductivity of the […]

Ivan Tikhonov Almost completely desalinated water is required to be used for feeding steam boilers with the pressure of more than 14 MPa. The salt content of feed water in terms of Na should be no more than 50 mcg/kg, and for direct-flow boilers no more than 20 mcg/kg. The pH value of such water […]

Ivan Tikhonov Annotation This article discusses the existence of various forms of carbon dioxide in water. The importance of measuring the pH value in determining the ratios of bicarbonates, carbonates and hydrates is shown. The article presents a method for calculating the pH value of water depending on the ratio of various forms of carbon […]

Ivan Tikhonov The water – chemical mode (WCM) of steam boilers must provide effective and reliable operation of a boiler house.  In fact, this is achieved by creating conditions that exclude possible processes of scale formation or various corrosion damage of equipment and pipelines. These conditions are created with the help of water treatment systems, […]